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est the mills to going.  Although an immigrant on a small
 
farm might reduce the home demand for foodstuffs, he would
 
increase the demand for industrial goods, and this increased
 
demand for urban goods causes a growing consumption of farm
 
products in the cities.  The immigrant of past epoche who
 
abandoned his country and took his savings to a new land
 
reduced unemployment at home, added to steamship and rail-
 
way activity on his way west, set up new demands for im-
 
ported goods in the new habitat and thus helped all parties
 
to recovery from historic depressions: 1819-1846, 1873-1877.
 
At the present moment all industrial countries are closed
 
to immigrants and heavily taxed against freedom of travel.
 
How difficult it is to cross international borders today|
 
With lands unavailable, unacceptable, and the movement of
 
population almost prohibited, the present depression is
 
more fixed than those following the Napoleonic, the Civil
 
and the Franco-Prussian wars.
 
 
Two other unprecedented limitations to worldwide
 
recovery are obvious: 1. The industrialization of England,
 
the United States, Germany and France has been paralled with
 
a most extraordinary application of machines to production.
 
This has, during recent decades, released hundreds of 
 
thousands of workers per year.  Even in 1928-29 there was 
 
two million unemployed in the United States.  2.  Since 1870
 
one effect of machine production and urban conditions of
 
life has been a declining birth rate, while more and better
 
physicians have prolonged the average of life so that peo-
 
ple are no longer advised to take chloroform at sixty.  There
 
are four times as many people over sixty years of age as 
 
 
formerly;