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of economic nationalism, applied by autocratic methods.
 
The first system was worked out by the marvelous little
 
group of statesmen that surrounded Charles II.  In 1660-1673
 
the aged Earl of Clarendon, a politician and a master histor-
 
ian, aided by the uscrupulous Duke of Buckingham, the canny
 
Lord Arlington and the profiteer Duke of Albemarle, worked
 
out a marvelous system which was to save England and fit all
 
the trans-Atlantic colonies into a water-tight system.  It 
 
was unlawful to ship a pound of gold out of the country.  No
 
foreign goods were to be imported except upon a sort of quota
 
system.  A monopoly market was created for sugar, tobacco and
 
ship timber, produced in the colonies.  All "quota" imports
 
from the colonies were taxed at two to four times their
 
producers' value to enable to government to ignore public
 
opinion and collect taxes without the consent of the peo-
 
ple.  Merchants and manufacturers were authorized to sell
 
their goods to the public at prices fixed by themselves.
 
And surplus products were to be dumped upon the continen-
 
tal market at half the prices paid at home.  It was a mar-
 
velously perfect scheme under which workers on the land
 
were to have no return at all for their labor, landlords
 
somehwat more and industrialists and traders princily pro-
 
fits.  His Majesty, Charles II, was to be autocratic master
 
of the system and make war upon Holland, the one rival and
 
free-trade advocate which might upset the scheme.
 
 
But no scheme has ever worked well more than a 
 
decade or two without popular support, and when the King
 
had beated Holland in 1674 and annexed all strategic
 
points in North America, the craft Earl of Shaftbury
 
 
                                                counselled