13. Finance.                        
 
                                                            
 
 
The solution of the short-term problem and of the long-term problem will each involve large   
sums of money. The combined cost is likely to run into hundreds of millions of pounds. Where   
is the money coming from? There Seem to be the following potential sources:                              .              (a. Charitable contributions from the ~ub-  
                      Private sources                       
 
     (a) Charitable contributions from the public or particular communities  
     (b) Contributions from the relatives of refugees.  
     (c) Contributions from the refugees themselves.  
                       Public sources                       
 
     (d) State revenues.  
     (e) International funds.  
             I will take the private sources first.         
 
                                                            
 
 
 (a) After the last war very large sums of money were contributed by the public, especially   
by the people of the U.S.A., towards the relief of distress. Before the present war large sums   
were contributed, though not on the same scale; in particular, very generous gifts were made by   
the Jews for the assistance of their co-religionists. Indeed, up to the entry of the U.S.A. into   
the war, very large sums continued to be raised in that country through the United Jewish Appeal.   
The flow of contributions to refugee organisations in other countries was very greatly reduced   
by the war, but it has not entirely ceased, even for refugee purposes pure and simple. The total   
stream has almost certainly increased, but it is diverted into more channels, and spread over  
many more fields. Its volume has necessarily been affected by the drastic changes in individual   
incomes and in conditions which the war has caused, and since the effect is cumulative, the   
longer the War lasts the more will this source be reduced. When hostilities cease, the changeover   
from war to peace industry is likely to have a still greater effect. While, therefore, there is   
no reason to suppose that the fountains of charity will dry up, or that the outflow will not be   
considerable and continuous, it is certain that they can only make a partial contribution towards   
the total that will be required. It is desirable that there should be co-ordination in the   
anppeal for and collection of funds, as in the use of them when obtained, but this will not be   
an easy matter. There is one aspect of the case Which may be mentioned. An extremely valuable  
form of private assistance is the system of guarantee, by Which a guarantor accepts whole or   
partial financial responsiblity for a particulsr refugee, sometimes giving him hospitality,   
sometimes direct financial aid, and sometimes both. This is a system particularty suitable for  
ren who have lost their parents or have been separated from 
 
                                                            
 
 
  (b) Apart from the contributions which relatives of refugees have made towards funds for   
general purposes, they have given assistance earmarked for the benefit of particular individuals.   
The gift may be for maintenance or for training, or, more often, for emigration. Sometimes it is   
spontaneous, sometimes it is encouraged by persuasion or legitimate pressure by the refugee   
organisation concerned. Some voluntary bodies have shown much efficiency in this respect. The   
                Joint Distribution Committee